In early 2020, China increased troop movement across eastern Ladakh.
India noticed:
New Chinese tents
Roads and helipads
Forward patrols crossing perceived LAC
Multiple friction points emerged:
Pangong Tso
Hot Springs
Depsang
Galwan Valley
Overlooks India’s Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road
Critical for supply to Daulat Beg Oldi
Any loss here threatens India’s northern defense
Indian troops went to verify Chinese disengagement.
Instead, they were ambushed.
No guns were used—but the fight was more brutal than gunfire.
Weapons included:
Nail-studded clubs
Iron rods
Barbed wire bats
Pitch darkness
Sub-zero temperatures
Steep cliffs
Fast-flowing icy river
Many soldiers fell into the Galwan River and died of hypothermia.
20 Indian soldiers martyred
Including commanding officer Colonel Santosh Babu
China later acknowledged casualties but kept numbers secret
India mourned—but also responded.
Actions taken:
Massive troop deployment
Fighter jets forward-based
Economic retaliation (app bans)
Border infrastructure accelerated
Trust between India and China severely damaged
Military disengagement talks continue even today
LAC became heavily militarized
Peace without trust is fragile.
Sovereignty demands sacrifice.